最近几年来，地理信息系统无论是在理论上还是应用上都处在一个飞速发展的阶段。 GIS被应用于多个领域的建模和决策支持，如城市管理、区划、环境整治等等，地理信息成为信息时代重要的组成部分之一； “数字地球”概念的提出，更进一步推动了作为其技术支撑的GIS的发展。 与此同时，一些学者致力于相关的理论研究，如空间感知、空间数据误差、空间关系的形式化等等。 这恰好说明了地理信息系统作为应用技术和学科的两个方面，并且这两个方面构成了相互促进的发展过程。
< AppML > appML is a HTML extension box designed for web applications: XML language defines the model of application. JavaScript runs on the client browser PHP or ASP scripts run on the server AppML is an application pattern language ( A Pplication M Odeling L Anguage). A super simple model Super simple attribute Super simple application development Run on any platform and any browser Easy to install < AppML > just include the JavaScript in the HTML page, and then store the XML data on the server: If you have studied web development before, you will find that < AppML > is very easy to use. If you have studied PHP, ASP, or ASP.NET development before, you will clearly see the benefits of using < AppML >. < AppML > is a combination of the latest technologies and modern web development ideas, using a low-consumption, high-speed and simple architecture: Adopt MVC architecture Extremely low bandwidth consumption Optimization of Cloud Computing Complete separation of content Intelligent, flexible and fast Web development High scalability and testability Simple configuration and reconfiguration Intelligently support user accounts and roles In 1999, Refsnes Data began to develop AppML, a XML-based language for defining Internet applications. In September 2000, a large project for the Norwegian handball Union began to transform a huge information system from the old DOS environment to the modern Internet by simply using AppML. And this major project has just been a great success. Developers estimate that compared with traditional Web development, the development time has been shortened by up to 75%. In mid-September 2007, AppML content was used offline because it supports ASP and IE. In October 2013, AppML announced that it would be compatible with all browsers in PHP and ASP.NET versions as an open source product. AppML’s initial design goals in 1999 were: AppML applications must run, so there is a network. AppML applications should be platform independent AppML applications must use Internet standards (HTTP, HTML, CSS, XML) AppML applications must support the needs of various applications AppML applications must be self-describing AppML applications must be easy to develop, maintain and modify AppML applications must be oriented to the future 
4.1.1. < AppML > Fast and simple Web development ¶
4.1.2. What is < AppML >? ¶
4.1.3. Learning is very easy. ¶
4.1.4. Only HTML, JavaScript, and XML ¶
HTML page: ¶
<h1>My First Web Applicationh1> <div id="Place01"> <table id="Template01" class="appmltable"> <tr> <th>Customerth> <th>Cityth> <th>Countryth> tr> <tr id="appml_row"> <td>#CustomerName# <td>#City# <td>#Country# tr> table> div> <script src="appml.js">script> <script> app=new AppML("appml.htmlx","Models/Customers"); app.run("Place01","Template01"); script>
XML: ¶
<appml> <datasource> <database> <connection>Democonnection> <sql>SELECT CustomerName,City,Country FROM Customerssql> database> datasource> appml>
4.1.5. Modern Web architecture ¶
4.1.6. < Appml > History ¶