HTML is a universal markup language on Web. To learn more about HTML, please read our HTML tutorial. HTML 2.0 was developed by the HTML working Group of the Internet Engineeringworking Group in 1996. HTML 2.0 is an outdated version of HTML. The browsers currently available onthe market rely on newer versions of HTML. For a WEB developer, there is noneed for the HTML 2.0 standard. HTML 3.2 was released as a W3C standard on January 14, 1997. HTML 3.2 adds widely used features such as fonts, tables, applets, text streams around images, superscripts and subscripts to the HTML 2.0 standard. One of the elements added to the 1997 HTML 3.2 standard-the < font > tag-creates unnecessary hassle for the important task of separating HTML contentfrom presentation. As a W3C recommendation, HTML 4.0 was released on December 18, 1997. The second version, with only a few editorial revisions, was released on April 24, 1998. The most important feature of HTML 4.0is the introduction of style sheets (CSS). Our W3C CSS chapter summarizes W3C CSS activities. As a W3C recommendation, HTML 4.01 was released on December 24, 1999. HTML 4.01 is a minor update to HTML 4.0 with fixes and bug fixes. The W3C will not continue to develop HTML. In the future, W3C’s work will focus on XHTML. XHTML 1.0 uses XML to rerepresent HTML 4.01. As a W3C recommendation, XHTML 1.0 was released on January 20, 2000. Our W3C XHTML chapter summarizes W3C XHTML activities. The W3C released the working draft of HTML 5 on January 22, 2008. HTML 5 improves interoperability and reduces development costs by laying down precise rules for how to handle all HTML elements and how to recover from errors. New features in HTML 5 include the ability to embed audio, video and graphics, client-side data storage, and interactive documents. HTML 5 also contains new elements, such as < nav >, < header >, < footer >, and The HTML 5 working group includes: AOL, Apple, Google, IBM, Microsoft, Mozilla, Nokia, Opera, and hundreds of other vendors. Standard Recommend HTML 3.2 January 14, 1997 HTML 4.0 May 24, 1998 HTML 4.01 December 24, 1999 HTML 5 June 24, 2010 (latest draft) You’ll find information about the XHTML specification and timeline in the next section. In recent years, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have undergone rapid development in both theoretical and practical dimensions. GIS has been widely applied for modeling and decision-making support across various fields such as urban management, regional planning, and environmental remediation, establishing geographic information as a vital component of the information era. The introduction of the “Digital Earth” concept has further accelerated the advancement of GIS, which serves as its technical foundation. Concurrently, scholars have been dedicated to theoretical research in areas like spatial cognition, spatial data uncertainty, and the formalization of spatial relationships. This reflects the dual nature of GIS as both an applied technology and an academic discipline, with the two aspects forming a mutually reinforcing cycle of progress. 4.4.1. HTML tutorial ¶
4.4.2. HTML version ¶
HTML 2.0 ¶
HTML 3.2 ¶
HTML 4.0 ¶
HTML 4.01 ¶
XHTML 1.0 (the latest version of HTML) ¶
HTML 5 ¶
4.4.3. W3C HTML specification and timeline ¶
Principles, Technologies, and Methods of Geographic Information Systems
102