Integration and Specific Technology of GIS and Global Positioning System

As a real-time technology to provide spatial positioning data, GPS can be integrated with Geographic Information System to achieve different specific application objectives:

1)Positioning

It is mainly used in outdoor dynamic positioning information activities such as tourism and exploration. If not integrated with GIS, spatial positioning can also be achieved by using GPS receivers and paper topographic maps; however, by connecting GPS receivers to a portable computer installed with GIS software and spatial data in the area, the location of GPS receivers can be easily displayed and their trajectories can be displayed in real time, and then the location points can be obtained by using the spatial retrieval function provided by GIS. Information to achieve decision support.

2）Measuring

Mainly used in land management, urban planning and other fields, using the integration of GPS and GIS, can measure the area of the region or the length of the path. This process is similar to using digitizer to input data. It needs to track the polygon boundary or path, collect the vertex coordinates after sampling, record the coordinate data through GIS, and then calculate the related area or length data.

In GPS surveying, we should pay attention to the following problems. Firstly, we need to determine whether the positioning accuracy of GPS meets the accuracy requirements of surveying. For example, the accuracy of surveying homestead needs to reach centimeter level, while the accuracy of measuring a larger area in the field, meter level or even tens of meters level, can meet the requirements. Secondly, we need to measure irregular areas or paths. Determining the sampling principle and selecting different sampling points will affect the final measurement results.

3) Monitoring and Navigation

It is used for dynamic monitoring of vehicles and ships. After receiving the position data sent back by vehicles and ships, the monitoring center can determine the trajectory of vehicles and ships, and then use GIS spatial analysis tools to judge whether their operation is normal, such as whether they deviate from the scheduled route, whether the speed is abnormal (static), and so on. In case of abnormal, the monitoring center can put forward corresponding treatment measures. These include issuing navigation instructions to vehicles and ships.

Figure 12-8: System Structure Model of Integration of GIS and GPS

Figure 12-8 describes the system structure model of integration of GIS and GPS. In order to achieve integration with GPS, the GIS system must be able to receive GPS data sent by GPS receivers (usually through serial communication), and then process the data, such as transforming longitude and latitude coordinates into coordinates in the reference frame of GIS data by projection transformation, and finally carry out various analysis operations, in which coordinate number. Data dynamic display and data storage are its basic functions.

最近几年来，地理信息系统无论是在理论上还是应用上都处在一个飞速发展的阶段。 GIS被应用于多个领域的建模和决策支持，如城市管理、区划、环境整治等等，地理信息成为信息时代重要的组成部分之一； “数字地球”概念的提出，更进一步推动了作为其技术支撑的GIS的发展。与此同时，一些学者致力于相关的理论研究，如空间感知、空间数据误差、空间关系的形式化等等。这恰好说明了地理信息系统作为应用技术和学科的两个方面，并且这两个方面构成了相互促进的发展过程。